HOW TO USE JDBC

JDBC Tutorial

JDBC API is a Java API that can access any kind of tabular data, especially data stored in a Relational Database. JDBC works with Java on a variety of platforms, such as Windows, Mac OS, and the various versions of UNIX.

What is JDBC?

JDBC stands for Java Database Connectivity, which is a standard Java API for database-independent connectivity between the Java programming language and a wide range of databases.
The JDBC library includes APIs for each of the tasks commonly associated with database usage:

• Making a connection to a database
• Creating SQL or MySQL statements
• Executing that SQL or MySQL queries in the database
• Viewing & Modifying the resulting records

Fundamentally, JDBC is a specification that provides a complete set of interfaces that allows for portable access to an underlying database. Java can be used to write different types of executables, such as:

• Java Applications
• Java Applets
• Java Servlets
• Java ServerPages (JSPs)
• Enterprise JavaBeans (EJBs)

All of these different executables are able to use a JDBC driver to access a database and take advantage of the stored data.
JDBC provides the same capabilities as ODBC, allowing Java programs to contain database-independent code.

Pre-Requisite:

Before progressing on this tutorial you need to have good understanding on the following two subjects:

• Core JAVA Programming
• SQL or MySQL Database

JDBC Architecture:

The JDBC API supports both two-tier and three-tier processing models for database access but in general JDBC Architecture consists of two layers:

• JDBC API: This provides the application-to-JDBC Manager connection.
• JDBC Driver API: This supports the JDBC Manager-to-Driver Connection.

The JDBC API uses a driver manager and database-specific drivers to provide transparent connectivity to heterogeneous databases.
The JDBC driver manager ensures that the correct driver is used to access each data source. The driver manager is capable of supporting multiple concurrent drivers connected to multiple heterogeneous databases.
Following is the architectural diagram, which shows the location of the driver manager with respect to the JDBC drivers and the Java application:

Common JDBC Components:

The JDBC API provides the following interfaces and classes:

• DriverManager: This class manages a list of database drivers. Matches connection requests from the java application with the proper database driver using communication subprotocol. The first driver that recognizes a certain subprotocol under JDBC will be used to establish a database Connection.
• Driver: This interface handles the communications with the database server. You will interact directly with Driver objects very rarely. Instead, you use DriverManager objects, which manages objects of this type. It also abstracts the details associated with working with Driver objects
• Connection : This interface with all methods for contacting a database. The connection object represents communication context, i.e., all communication with database is through connection object only.
• Statement : You use objects created from this interface to submit the SQL statements to the database. Some derived interfaces accept parameters in addition to executing stored procedures.
• ResultSet: These objects hold data retrieved from a database after you execute an SQL query using Statement objects. It acts as an iterator to allow you to move through its data.
• SQLException: This class handles any errors that occur in a database application.

The JDBC 4.0 Packages

The java.sql and javax.sql are the primary packages for JDBC 4.0. This is the latest JDBC version at the time of writing this tutorial. It offers the main classes for interacting with your data sources.
The new features in these packages include changes in the following areas:

• Automatic database driver loading
• Exception handling improvements
• Enhanced BLOB/CLOB functionality
• Connection and statement interface enhancements
• National character set support
• SQL ROWID access
• SQL 2003 XML data type support
• Annotations
  Structured Query Language (SQL) is a standardized language that allows you to perform operations on a database, such as creating entries, reading content, updating content, and deleting entries.
  SQL is supported by all most any database you will likely use, and it allows you to write database code independently of the underlying database.
  This tutorial gives an overview of SQL, which is a pre-requisite to understand JDBC concepts. This tutorial gives you enough SQL to be able to Create, Read, Update, and Delete (often referred to as CRUD operations) data from a database.
  For a detailed understanding on SQL, you can read our MySQL Tutorial.
  

  Create Database:

  The CREATE DATABASE statement is used for creating a new database. The syntax is:
  

  SQL> CREATE DATABASE DATABASE_NAME;

  Example:

  The following SQL statement creates a Database named EMP:
  

  SQL> CREATE DATABASE EMP;

  Drop Database:

  The DROP DATABASE statement is used for deleting an existing database. The syntax is:
  

  SQL> DROP DATABASE DATABASE_NAME;

  Note: To create or drop a database you should have administrator privilege on your database server. Be careful, deleting a database would loss all the data stored in database.
  

  Create Table:

  The CREATE TABLE statement is used for creating a new table. The syntax is:
  

  SQL> CREATE TABLE table_name
  (
     column_name column_data_type,
     column_name column_data_type,
     column_name column_data_type
     ...
  );

  Example:

  The following SQL statement creates a table named Employees with four columns:
  

  SQL> CREATE TABLE Employees
  (
     id INT NOT NULL,
     age INT NOT NULL,
     first VARCHAR(255),
     last VARCHAR(255),
     PRIMARY KEY ( id )
  );

  Drop Table:

  The DROP TABLE statement is used for deleting an existing table. The syntax is:
  

  SQL> DROP TABLE table_name;

  Example:

  The following SQL statement deletes a table named Employees:
  

  SQL> DROP TABLE Employees;

  INSERT Data:

  The syntax for INSERT looks similar to the following, where column1, column2, and so on represent the new data to appear in the respective columns:
  

  SQL> INSERT INTO table_name VALUES (column1, column2, ...);

  Example:

  The following SQL INSERT statement inserts a new row in the Employees database created earlier:
  

  SQL> INSERT INTO Employees VALUES (100, 18, 'Zara', 'Ali');

  SELECT Data:

  The SELECT statement is used to retrieve data from a database. The syntax for SELECT is:
  

  SQL> SELECT column_name, column_name, ...
       FROM table_name
       WHERE conditions;

  The WHERE clause can use the comparison operators such as =, !=, <, >, <=,and >=, as well as the BETWEEN and LIKE operators.
  

  Example:

  The following SQL statement selects the age, first and last columns from the Employees table where id column is 100:
  

  SQL> SELECT first, last, age 
       FROM Employees 
       WHERE id = 100;

  The following SQL statement selects the age, first and last columns from the Employees table where first column contains Zara:
  

  SQL> SELECT first, last, age 
       FROM Employees 
       WHERE first LIKE '%Zara%';

  UPDATE Data:

  The UPDATE statement is used to update data. The syntax for UPDATE is:
  

  SQL> UPDATE table_name
       SET column_name = value, column_name = value, ...
       WHERE conditions;

  The WHERE clause can use the comparison operators such as =, !=, <, >, <=,and >=, as well as the BETWEEN and LIKE operators.
  

  Example:

  The following SQL UPDATE statement changes the age column of the employee whose id is 100:
  

  SQL> UPDATE Employees SET age=20 WHERE id=100;

  DELETE Data:

  The DELETE statement is used to delete data from tables. The syntax for DELETE is:
  

  SQL> DELETE FROM table_name WHERE conditions;

  The WHERE clause can use the comparison operators such as =, !=, <, >, <=,and >=, as well as the BETWEEN and LIKE operators.
  

  Example:

  The following SQL DELETE statement delete the record of the employee whose id is 100:
  

  SQL

  To start developing with JDBC setup your JDBC environment by following the steps shown below. We assume that you are working on a Windows platform.
  

  Install Java:

  Install J2SE Development Kit 5.0 (JDK 5.0) from Java Official Site.
  Make sure following environment variables are set as described below:
  
• JAVA_HOME: This environment variable should point to the directory where you installed the JDK, e.g. C:\Program Files\Java\jdk1.5.0
• CLASSPATH: This environment variable should has appropriate paths set, e.g. C:\Program Files\Java\jdk1.5.0_20\jre\lib
• PATH: This environment variable should point to appropriate JRE bin, e.g. C:\Program Files\Java\jre1.5.0_20\bin.

It is possible you have these variable set already, but just to make sure here's how to check.

• Go to the control panel and double-click on System. If you are a Windows XP user it's possible you have to open Performance and Maintenance before you will see the System icon.
• Go to the Advanced tab and click on Environment Variables.
• Now check all the above mentioned variables are set properly.

You automatically get both JDBC packages java.sql and javax.sql when you install J2SE Development Kit 5.0 (JDK 5.0)

Install Database:

The most important thing you will need, of course is an actual running database with a table that you can query and modify.
Install a database that is most suitable for you. You can have plenty of choices and most common are:

• MySQL DB: MySQL is an open source database. You can download it from MySQL Official Site. We recommend downloading the full Windows installation.
  In addition, download and install MySQL Administrator as well as MySQL Query Browser. These are GUI based tools that will make your development much easier.
  Finally, download and unzip MySQL Connector/J (the MySQL JDBC driver) in a convenient directory. For the purpose of this tutorial we will assume that you have installed the driver at C:\Program Files\MySQL\mysql-connector-java-5.1.8.
  Accordingly set CLASSPATH variable to C:\Program Files\MySQL\mysql-connector-java-5.1.8\mysql-connector-java-5.1.8-bin.jar. Your driver version may vary based on your installation.
• PostgreSQL DB: PostgreSQL is an open source database. You can download it from PostgreSQL Official Site.
  The Postgres installation contains a GUI based administrative tool called pgAdmin III. JDBC drivers are also included as part of the installation.
• Oracle DB: Oracle DB is an commercial database sold by Oracle . We assume that you have the necessary distribution media to install it.
  Oracle installation includes a GUI based administrative tool called Enterprise Manager. JDBC drivers are also included as part of the installation.

Install Database Drivers:

The latest JDK includes a JDBC-ODBC Bridge driver that makes most Open Database Connectivity (ODBC) drivers available to programmers using the JDBC API.
Now a days most of the Database vendors are supplying appropriate JDBC drivers along with Database installation. So you should not worry about this part.

Set Database Credential:

For this tutorial we are going to use MySQL database. When you install any of the above database, its administrator ID is set to root and gives provision to set a password of your choice.
Using root ID and password you can either create another users ID and password or you can use root ID and password for your JDBC application.
There are various database operations like database creation and deletion, which would need administrator ID and password.
For rest of the JDBC tutorial we would use MySQL Database with username as ID and password as password.
If you do not have sufficient privilege to create new users then you can ask your Database Administrator (DBA) to create a user ID and password for you.

Create Database:

To create the EMP database, use the following steps:

Step 1:

Open a Command Prompt and change to the installation directory as follows:
C:\> C:\>cd Program Files\MySQL\bin C:\Program Files\MySQL\bin> Note: The path to mysqld.exe may vary depending on the install location of MySQL on your system. You can also check documentation on how to start and stop your database server.

Step 2:

Start the database server by executing the following command, if it is already not running.
C:\Program Files\MySQL\bin>mysqld C:\Program Files\MySQL\bin>

Step 3:

Create the EMP database by executing the following command
C:\Program Files\MySQL\bin> mysqladmin create EMP -u root -p Enter password: ******** C:\Program Files\MySQL\bin>

Create Table

To create the Employees table in EMP database, use the following steps:

Step 1:

Open a Command Prompt and change to the installation directory as follows:
C:\> C:\>cd Program Files\MySQL\bin C:\Program Files\MySQL\bin>

Step 2:

Login to database as follows
C:\Program Files\MySQL\bin>mysql -u root -p Enter password: ******** mysql>

Step 3:

Create the table Employee as follows:
mysql> use EMP; mysql> create table Employees -> ( -> id int not null, -> age int not null, -> first varchar (255), -> last varchar (255) -> ); Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.08 sec) mysql>

Create Data Records

Finally you create few records in Employee table as follows:
mysql> INSERT INTO Employees VALUES (100, 18, 'Zara', 'Ali'); Query OK, 1 row affected (0.05 sec) mysql> INSERT INTO Employees VALUES (101, 25, 'Mahnaz', 'Fatma'); Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec) mysql> INSERT INTO Employees VALUES (102, 30, 'Zaid', 'Khan'); Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec) mysql> INSERT INTO Employees VALUES (103, 28, 'Sumit', 'Mittal'); Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec) mysql> For a complete understanding on MySQL database, study MySQL Tutorial.
Now you are ready to start experimenting with JDBC. Next tutorial would give your a sample example on JDBC Programming.
All the steps mentioned in this template example, would be explained in subsequent chapters of this tutorial.

Creating JDBC Application:

There are following six steps involved in building a JDBC application:

• Import the packages . Requires that you include the packages containing the JDBC classes needed for database programming. Most often, using import java.sql.* will suffice.
• Register the JDBC driver . Requires that you initialize a driver so you can open a communications channel with the database.
• Open a connection . Requires using the DriverManager.getConnection() method to create a Connection object, which represents a physical connection with the database.
• Execute a query . Requires using an object of type Statement for building and submitting an SQL statement to the database.
• Extract data from result set . Requires that you use the appropriate ResultSet.getXXX() method to retrieve the data from the result set.
• Clean up the environment . Requires explicitly closing all database resources versus relying on the JVM's garbage collection.
  

Sample Code:

This sample example can serve as a template when you need to create your own JDBC application in the future.
This sample code has been written based on the environment and database setup done in previous chapter.
Copy and past following example in FirstExample.java, compile and run as follows:

//STEP 1. Import required packages
import java.sql.*;

public class FirstExample {
   // JDBC driver name and database URL
   static final String JDBC_DRIVER = "com.mysql.jdbc.Driver";  
   static final String DB_URL = "jdbc:mysql://localhost/EMP";

   //  Database credentials
   static final String USER = "username";
   static final String PASS = "password";
   
   public static void main(String[] args) {
   Connection conn = null;
   Statement stmt = null;
   try{
      //STEP 2: Register JDBC driver
      Class.forName("com.mysql.jdbc.Driver");

      //STEP 3: Open a connection
      System.out.println("Connecting to database...");
      conn = DriverManager.getConnection(DB_URL,USER,PASS);

      //STEP 4: Execute a query
      System.out.println("Creating statement...");
      stmt = conn.createStatement();
      String sql;
      sql = "SELECT id, first, last, age FROM Employees";
      ResultSet rs = stmt.executeQuery(sql);

      //STEP 5: Extract data from result set
      while(rs.next()){
         //Retrieve by column name
         int id  = rs.getInt("id");
         int age = rs.getInt("age");
         String first = rs.getString("first");
         String last = rs.getString("last");

         //Display values
         System.out.print("ID: " + id);
         System.out.print(", Age: " + age);
         System.out.print(", First: " + first);
         System.out.println(", Last: " + last);
      }
      //STEP 6: Clean-up environment
      rs.close();
      stmt.close();
      conn.close();
   }catch(SQLException se){
      //Handle errors for JDBC
      se.printStackTrace();
   }catch(Exception e){
      //Handle errors for Class.forName
      e.printStackTrace();
   }finally{
      //finally block used to close resources
      try{
         if(stmt!=null)
            stmt.close();
      }catch(SQLException se2){
      }// nothing we can do
      try{
         if(conn!=null)
            conn.close();
      }catch(SQLException se){
         se.printStackTrace();
      }//end finally try
   }//end try
   System.out.println("Goodbye!");
}//end main
}//end FirstExample

Now let us compile above example as follows:

C:\>javac FirstExample.java
C:\>

When you run FirstExample, it produces following result:

C:\>java FirstExample
Connecting to database...
Creating statement...
ID: 100, Age: 18, First: Zara, Last: Ali
ID: 101, Age: 25, First: Mahnaz, Last: Fatma
ID: 102, Age: 30, First: Zaid, Last: Khan
ID: 103, Age: 28, First: Sumit, Last: Mittal
C:\>

What is JDBC Driver ?

JDBC drivers implement the defined interfaces in the JDBC API for interacting with your database server.
For example, using JDBC drivers enable you to open database connections and to interact with it by sending SQL or database commands then receiving results with Java.
The Java.sql package that ships with JDK contains various classes with their behaviours defined and their actual implementaions are done in third-party drivers. Third party vendors implements the java.sql.Driver interface in their database driver.

JDBC Drivers Types:

JDBC driver implementations vary because of the wide variety of operating systems and hardware platforms in which Java operates. Sun has divided the implementation types into four categories, Types 1, 2, 3, and 4, which is explained below:

Type 1: JDBC-ODBC Bridge Driver:

In a Type 1 driver, a JDBC bridge is used to access ODBC drivers installed on each client machine. Using ODBC requires configuring on your system a Data Source Name (DSN) that represents the target database.
When Java first came out, this was a useful driver because most databases only supported ODBC access but now this type of driver is recommended only for experimental use or when no other alternative is available.
The JDBC-ODBC bridge that comes with JDK 1.2 is a good example of this kind of driver.

Type 2: JDBC-Native API:

In a Type 2 driver, JDBC API calls are converted into native C/C++ API calls which are unique to the database. These drivers typically provided by the database vendors and used in the same manner as the JDBC-ODBC Bridge, the vendor-specific driver must be installed on each client machine.
If we change the Database we have to change the native API as it is specific to a database and they are mostly obsolete now but you may realize some speed increase with a Type 2 driver, because it eliminates ODBC's overhead.
The Oracle Call Interface (OCI) driver is an example of a Type 2 driver.

Type 3: JDBC-Net pure Java:

In a Type 3 driver, a three-tier approach is used to accessing databases. The JDBC clients use standard network sockets to communicate with an middleware application server. The socket information is then translated by the middleware application server into the call format required by the DBMS, and forwarded to the database server.
This kind of driver is extremely flexible, since it requires no code installed on the client and a single driver can actually provide access to multiple databases.
You can think of the application server as a JDBC "proxy," meaning that it makes calls for the client application. As a result, you need some knowledge of the application server's configuration in order to effectively use this driver type.
Your application server might use a Type 1, 2, or 4 driver to communicate with the database, understanding the nuances will prove helpful.

Type 4: 100% pure Java:

In a Type 4 driver, a pure Java-based driver that communicates directly with vendor's database through socket connection. This is the highest performance driver available for the database and is usually provided by the vendor itself.
This kind of driver is extremely flexible, you don't need to install special software on the client or server. Further, these drivers can be downloaded dynamically.
MySQL's Connector/J driver is a Type 4 driver. Because of the proprietary nature of their network protocols, database vendors usually supply type 4 drivers.

Which Driver should be used?

If you are accessing one type of database, such as Oracle, Sybase, or IBM, the preferred driver type is 4.
If your Java application is accessing multiple types of databases at the same time, type 3 is the preferred driver.
Type 2 drivers are useful in situations where a type 3 or type 4 driver is not available yet for your database.
The type 1 driver is not considered a deployment-level driver and is typically used for development and testing purposes only.
After you've installed the appropriate driver, it's time to establish a database connection using JDBC.
The programming involved to establish a JDBC connection is fairly simple. Here are these simple four steps:

• Import JDBC Packages: Add import statements to your Java program to import required classes in your Java code.
• Register JDBC Driver: This step causes the JVM to load the desired driver implementation into memory so it can fulfill your JDBC requests.
• Database URL Formulation: This is to create a properly formatted address that points to the database to which you wish to connect.
• Create Connection Object: Finally, code a call to the DriverManager object's getConnection( ) method to establish actual database connection.

Import JDBC Packages:

The Import statements tell the Java compiler where to find the classes you reference in your code and are placed at the very beginning of your source code.
To use the standard JDBC package, which allows you to select, insert, update, and delete data in SQL tables, add the following imports to your source code:

import java.sql.* ;  // for standard JDBC programs
import java.math.* ; // for BigDecimal and BigInteger support

Register JDBC Driver:

You must register the your driver in your program before you use it. Registering the driver is the process by which the Oracle driver's class file is loaded into memory so it can be utilized as an implementation of the JDBC interfaces.
You need to do this registration only once in your program. You can register a driver in one of two ways.

Approach (I) - Class.forName():

The most common approach to register a driver is to use Java's Class.forName() method to dynamically load the driver's class file into memory, which automatically registers it. This method is preferable because it allows you to make the driver registration configurable and portable.
The following example uses Class.forName( ) to register the Oracle driver:

try {
   Class.forName("oracle.jdbc.driver.OracleDriver");
}
catch(ClassNotFoundException ex) {
   System.out.println("Error: unable to load driver class!");
   System.exit(1);
}

You can use getInstance() method to work around noncompliant JVMs, but then you'll have to code for two extra Exceptions as follows:

try {
   Class.forName("oracle.jdbc.driver.OracleDriver").newInstance();
}
catch(ClassNotFoundException ex) {
   System.out.println("Error: unable to load driver class!");
   System.exit(1);
catch(IllegalAccessException ex) {
   System.out.println("Error: access problem while loading!");
   System.exit(2);
catch(InstantiationException ex) {
   System.out.println("Error: unable to instantiate driver!");
   System.exit(3);
}

Approach (II) - DriverManager.registerDriver():

The second approach you can use to register a driver is to use the static DriverManager.registerDriver() method.
You should use the registerDriver() method if you are using a non-JDK compliant JVM, such as the one provided by Microsoft.
The following example uses registerDriver() to register the Oracle driver:

try {
   Driver myDriver = new oracle.jdbc.driver.OracleDriver();
   DriverManager.registerDriver( myDriver );
}
catch(ClassNotFoundException ex) {
   System.out.println("Error: unable to load driver class!");
   System.exit(1);
}

Database URL Formulation:

After you've loaded the driver, you can establish a connection using the DriverManager.getConnection() method. For easy reference, let me list the three overloaded DriverManager.getConnection() methods:

• getConnection(String url)
• getConnection(String url, Properties prop)
• getConnection(String url, String user, String password)

Here each form requires a database URL. A database URL is an address that points to your database.
Formulating a database URL is where most of the problems associated with establishing a connection occur.
Following table lists down popular JDBC driver names and database URL.

RDBMS	JDBC driver name	URL format
MySQL	com.mysql.jdbc.Driver	jdbc:mysql://hostname/ databaseName
ORACLE	oracle.jdbc.driver.OracleDriver	jdbc:oracle:thin:@hostname:port Number:databaseName
DB2	COM.ibm.db2.jdbc.net.DB2Driver	jdbc:db2:hostname:port Number/databaseName
Sybase	com.sybase.jdbc.SybDriver	jdbc:sybase:Tds:hostname: port Number/databaseName

All the highlighted part in URL format is static and you need to change only remaining part as per your database setup.

Create Connection Object:

Using a database URL with a username and password:

I listed down three forms of DriverManager.getConnection() method to create a connection object. The most commonly used form of getConnection() requires you to pass a database URL, a username, and a password:
Assuming you are using Oracle's thin driver, you'll specify a host:port:databaseName value for the database portion of the URL.
If you have a host at TCP/IP address 192.0.0.1 with a host name of amrood, and your Oracle listener is configured to listen on port 1521, and your database name is EMP, then complete database URL would then be:

jdbc:oracle:thin:@amrood:1521:EMP

Now you have to call getConnection() method with appropriate username and password to get a Connection object as follows:

String URL = "jdbc:oracle:thin:@amrood:1521:EMP";
String USER = "username";
String PASS = "password"
Connection conn = DriverManager.getConnection(URL, USER, PASS);

Using only a database URL:

A second form of the DriverManager.getConnection( ) method requires only a database URL:

DriverManager.getConnection(String url);

However, in this case, the database URL includes the username and password and has the following general form:

jdbc:oracle:driver:username/password@database

So the above connection can be created as follows:

String URL = "jdbc:oracle:thin:username/password@amrood:1521:EMP";
Connection conn = DriverManager.getConnection(URL);

Using a database URL and a Properties object:

A third form of the DriverManager.getConnection( ) method requires a database URL and a Properties object:

DriverManager.getConnection(String url, Properties info);

A Properties object holds a set of keyword-value pairs. It's used to pass driver properties to the driver during a call to the getConnection() method.
To make the same connection made by the previous examples, use the following code:

import java.util.*;

String URL = "jdbc:oracle:thin:@amrood:1521:EMP";
Properties info = new Properties( );
info.put( "user", "username" );
info.put( "password", "password" );

Connection conn = DriverManager.getConnection(URL, info);

Closing JDBC connections:

At the end of your JDBC program, it is required explicitly close all the connections to the database to end each database session. However, if you forget, Java's garbage collector will close the connection when it cleans up stale objects.
Relying on garbage collection, especially in database programming, is very poor programming practice. You should make a habit of always closing the connection with the close() method associated with connection object.
To ensure that a connection is closed, you could provide a finally block in your code. A finally block always executes, regardless if an exception occurs or not.
To close above opened connection you should call close() method as follows:

conn

Once a connection is obtained we can interact with the database. The JDBC Statement, CallableStatement, and PreparedStatement interfaces define the methods and properties that enable you to send SQL or PL/SQL commands and receive data from your database.
They also define methods that help bridge data type differences between Java and SQL data types used in a database.
Following table provides a summary of each interface's purpose to understand how do you decide which interface to use?

Interfaces	Recommended Use
Statement	Use for general-purpose access to your database. Useful when you are using static SQL statements at runtime. The Statement interface cannot accept parameters.
PreparedStatement	Use when you plan to use the SQL statements many times. The PreparedStatement interface accepts input parameters at runtime.
CallableStatement	Use when you want to access database stored procedures. The CallableStatement interface can also accept runtime input parameters.

The Statement Objects:

Creating Statement Object:

Before you can use a Statement object to execute a SQL statement, you need to create one using the Connection object's createStatement( ) method, as in the following example:
Statement stmt = null; try { stmt = conn.createStatement( ); . . . } catch (SQLException e) { . . . } finally { . . . } Once you've created a Statement object, you can then use it to execute a SQL statement with one of its three execute methods.

• boolean execute(String SQL) : Returns a boolean value of true if a ResultSet object can be retrieved; otherwise, it returns false. Use this method to execute SQL DDL statements or when you need to use truly dynamic SQL.
• int executeUpdate(String SQL) : Returns the numbers of rows affected by the execution of the SQL statement. Use this method to execute SQL statements for which you expect to get a number of rows affected - for example, an INSERT, UPDATE, or DELETE statement.
• ResultSet executeQuery(String SQL) : Returns a ResultSet object. Use this method when you expect to get a result set, as you would with a SELECT statement.

Closing Statement Obeject:

Just as you close a Connection object to save database resources, for the same reason you should also close the Statement object.
A simple call to the close() method will do the job. If you close the Connection object first it will close the Statement object as well. However, you should always explicitly close the Statement object to ensure proper cleanup.
Statement stmt = null; try { stmt = conn.createStatement( ); . . . } catch (SQLException e) { . . . } finally { stmt.close(); } For a better understanding, I would suggest to study Statement - Example Code.

The PreparedStatement Objects:

The PreparedStatement interface extends the Statement interface which gives you added functionality with a couple of advantages over a generic Statement object.
This statement gives you the flexibility of supplying arguments dynamically.

Creating PreparedStatement Object:

PreparedStatement pstmt = null; try { String SQL = "Update Employees SET age = ? WHERE id = ?"; pstmt = conn.prepareStatement(SQL); . . . } catch (SQLException e) { . . . } finally { . . . } All parameters in JDBC are represented by the ? symbol, which is known as the parameter marker. You must supply values for every parameter before executing the SQL statement.
The setXXX() methods bind values to the parameters, where XXX represents the Java data type of the value you wish to bind to the input parameter. If you forget to supply the values, you will receive an SQLException.
Each parameter marker is referred to by its ordinal position. The first marker represents position 1, the next position 2, and so forth. This method differs from that of Java array indices, which start at 0.
All of the Statement object's methods for interacting with the database (a) execute(), (b) executeQuery(), and (c) executeUpdate() also work with the PreparedStatement object. However, the methods are modified to use SQL statements that can take input the parameters.

Closing PreparedStatement Obeject:

Just as you close a Statement object, for the same reason you should also close the PreparedStatement object.
A simple call to the close() method will do the job. If you close the Connection object first it will close the PreparedStatement object as well. However, you should always explicitly close the PreparedStatement object to ensure proper cleanup.
PreparedStatement pstmt = null; try { String SQL = "Update Employees SET age = ? WHERE id = ?"; pstmt = conn.prepareStatement(SQL); . . . } catch (SQLException e) { . . . } finally { pstmt.close(); } For a better understanding, I would suggest to study Prepare - Example Code.

The CallableStatement Objects:

Just as a Connection object creates the Statement and PreparedStatement objects, it also creates the CallableStatement object which would be used to execute a call to a database stored procedure.

Creating CallableStatement Object:

Suppose, you need to execute the following Oracle stored procedure:
CREATE OR REPLACE PROCEDURE getEmpName (EMP_ID IN NUMBER, EMP_FIRST OUT VARCHAR) AS BEGIN SELECT first INTO EMP_FIRST FROM Employees WHERE ID = EMP_ID; END; NOTE: Above stored procedure has been written for Oracle, but we are working with MySQL database so let us write same stored procedure for MySQL as follows to create it in EMP database:
DELIMITER $$ DROP PROCEDURE IF EXISTS `EMP`.`getEmpName` $$ CREATE PROCEDURE `EMP`.`getEmpName` (IN EMP_ID INT, OUT EMP_FIRST VARCHAR(255)) BEGIN SELECT first INTO EMP_FIRST FROM Employees WHERE ID = EMP_ID; END $$ DELIMITER ; Three types of parameters exist: IN, OUT, and INOUT. The PreparedStatement object only uses the IN parameter. The CallableStatement object can use all three.
Here are the definitions of each:

Parameter	Description
IN	A parameter whose value is unknown when the SQL statement is created. You bind values to IN parameters with the setXXX() methods.
OUT	A parameter whose value is supplied by the SQL statement it returns. You retrieve values from theOUT parameters with the getXXX() methods.
INOUT	A parameter that provides both input and output values. You bind variables with the setXXX() methods and retrieve values with the getXXX() methods.

The following code snippet shows how to employ the Connection.prepareCall() method to instantiate a CallableStatement object based on the preceding stored procedure:
CallableStatement cstmt = null; try { String SQL = "{call getEmpName (?, ?)}"; cstmt = conn.prepareCall (SQL); . . . } catch (SQLException e) { . . . } finally { . . . } The String variable SQL represents the stored procedure, with parameter placeholders.
Using CallableStatement objects is much like using PreparedStatement objects. You must bind values to all parameters before executing the statement, or you will receive an SQLException.
If you have IN parameters, just follow the same rules and techniques that apply to a PreparedStatement object; use the setXXX() method that corresponds to the Java data type you are binding.
When you use OUT and INOUT parameters you must employ an additional CallableStatement method, registerOutParameter(). The registerOutParameter() method binds the JDBC data type to the data type the stored procedure is expected to return.
Once you call your stored procedure, you retrieve the value from the OUT parameter with the appropriate getXXX() method. This method casts the retrieved value of SQL type to a Java data type.

Closing CallableStatement Obeject:

Just as you close other Statement object, for the same reason you should also close the CallableStatement object.
A simple call to the close() method will do the job. If you close the Connection object first it will close the CallableStatement object as well. However, you should always explicitly close the CallableStatement object to ensure proper cleanup.
CallableStatement cstmt = null; try { String SQL = "{call getEmpName (?, ?)}"; cstmt = conn.prepareCall (SQL); . . . } catch (SQLException e) { . . . } finally { cstmt.close(); }

 

The SQL statements that read data from a database query return the data in a result set. The SELECT statement is the standard way to select rows from a database and view them in a result set. The java.sql.ResultSet interface represents the result set of a database query.
A ResultSet object maintains a cursor that points to the current row in the result set. The term "result set" refers to the row and column data contained in a ResultSet object.
The methods of the ResultSet interface can be broken down into three categories:

• Navigational methods: used to move the cursor around.
• Get methods: used to view the data in the columns of the current row being pointed to by the cursor.
• Update methods: used to update the data in the columns of the current row. The updates can then be updated in the underlying database as well.

The cursor is movable based on the properties of the ResultSet. These properties are designated when the corresponding Statement that generated the ResultSet is created.
JDBC provides following connection methods to create statements with desired ResultSet:

• createStatement(int RSType, int RSConcurrency);
• prepareStatement(String SQL, int RSType, int RSConcurrency);
• prepareCall(String sql, int RSType, int RSConcurrency);

The first argument indicate the type of a ResultSet object and the second argument is one of two ResultSet constants for specifying whether a result set is read-only or updatable.

Type of ResultSet:

The possible RSType are given below, If you do not specify any ResultSet type, you will automatically get one that is TYPE_FORWARD_ONLY.

Type	Description
ResultSet.TYPE_FORWARD_ONLY	The cursor can only move forward in the result set.
ResultSet.TYPE_SCROLL_INSENSITIVE	The cursor can scroll forwards and backwards, and the result set is not sensitive to changes made by others to the database that occur after the result set was created.
ResultSet.TYPE_SCROLL_SENSITIVE.	The cursor can scroll forwards and backwards, and the result set is sensitive to changes made by others to the database that occur after the result set was created.

Concurrency of ResultSet:

The possible RSConcurrency are given below, If you do not specify any Concurrency type, you will automatically get one that is CONCUR_READ_ONLY.

Concurrency	Description
ResultSet.CONCUR_READ_ONLY	Creates a read-only result set. This is the default
ResultSet.CONCUR_UPDATABLE	Creates an updateable result set.

Our all the examples written so far can be written as follows which initializes a Statement object to create a forward-only, read only ResultSet object:

try {
   Statement stmt = conn.createStatement(
                           ResultSet.TYPE_FORWARD_ONLY,
                           ResultSet.CONCUR_READ_ONLY);
}
catch(Exception ex) {
   ....
}
finally {
   ....
}

Navigating a Result Set:

There are several methods in the ResultSet interface that involve moving the cursor, including:

S.N.	Methods & Description
1	public void beforeFirst() throws SQLException Moves the cursor to just before the first row
2	public void afterLast() throws SQLException Moves the cursor to just after the last row
3	public boolean first() throws SQLException Moves the cursor to the first row
4	public void last() throws SQLException Moves the cursor to the last row.
5	public boolean absolute(int row) throws SQLException Moves the cursor to the specified row
6	public boolean relative(int row) throws SQLException Moves the cursor the given number of rows forward or backwards from where it currently is pointing.
7	public boolean previous() throws SQLException Moves the cursor to the previous row. This method returns false if the previous row is off the result set
8	public boolean next() throws SQLException Moves the cursor to the next row. This method returns false if there are no more rows in the result set
9	public int getRow() throws SQLException Returns the row number that the cursor is pointing to.
10	public void moveToInsertRow() throws SQLException Moves the cursor to a special row in the result set that can be used to insert a new row into the database. The current cursor location is remembered.
11	public void moveToCurrentRow() throws SQLException Moves the cursor back to the current row if the cursor is currently at the insert row; otherwise, this method does nothing

For a better understanding, I would suggest to study Navigate - Example Code.

Viewing a Result Set:

The ResultSet interface contains dozens of methods for getting the data of the current row.
There is a get method for each of the possible data types, and each get method has two versions:

• One that takes in a column name.
• One that takes in a column index.

For example, if the column you are interested in viewing contains an int, you need to use one of the getInt() methods of ResultSet:

S.N.	Methods & Description
1	public int getInt(String columnName) throws SQLException Returns the int in the current row in the column named columnName
2	public int getInt(int columnIndex) throws SQLException Returns the int in the current row in the specified column index. The column index starts at 1, meaning the first column of a row is 1, the second column of a row is 2, and so on.

Similarly there are get methods in the ResultSet interface for each of the eight Java primitive types, as well as common types such as java.lang.String, java.lang.Object, and java.net.URL
There are also methods for getting SQL data types java.sql.Date, java.sql.Time, java.sql.TimeStamp, java.sql.Clob, and java.sql.Blob. Check the documentation for more information about using these SQL data types.
For a better understanding, I would suggest to study Viewing - Example Code.

Updating a Result Set:

The ResultSet interface contains a collection of update methods for updating the data of a result set.
As with the get methods, there are two update methods for each data type:

• One that takes in a column name.
• One that takes in a column index.

For example, to update a String column of the current row of a result set, you would use one of the following updateString() methods:

S.N.	Methods & Description
1	public void updateString(int columnIndex, String s) throws SQLException Changes the String in the specified column to the value of s.
2	public void updateString(String columnName, String s) throws SQLException Similar to the previous method, except that the column is specified by its name instead of its index.

There are update methods for the eight primitive data types, as well as String, Object, URL, and the SQL data types in the java.sql package.
Updating a row in the result set changes the columns of the current row in the ResultSet object, but not in the underlying database. To update your changes to the row in the database, you need to invoke one of the following methods.

S.N.	Methods & Description
1	public void updateRow() Updates the current row by updating the corresponding row in the database.
2	public void deleteRow() Deletes the current row from the database
3	public void refreshRow() Refreshes the data in the result set to reflect any recent changes in the database.
4	public void cancelRowUpdates() Cancels any updates made on the current row.
5	public void insertRow() Inserts a row into the database. This method can only be invoked when the cursor is pointing to the insert row.

• The JDBC driver converts the Java data type to the appropriate JDBC type before sending it to the database. It uses a default mapping for most data types. For example, a Java int is converted to an SQL INTEGER. Default mappings were created to provide consistency between drivers.
  The following table summarizes the default JDBC data type that the Java data type is converted to when you call the setXXX() method of the PreparedStatement or CallableStatement object or the ResultSet.updateXXX() method.
  

  SQL	JDBC/Java	setXXX	updateXXX
  VARCHAR	java.lang.String	setString	updateString
  CHAR	java.lang.String	setString	updateString
  LONGVARCHAR	java.lang.String	setString	updateString
  BIT	boolean	setBoolean	updateBoolean
  NUMERIC	java.math.BigDecimal	setBigDecimal	updateBigDecimal
  TINYINT	byte	setByte	updateByte
  SMALLINT	short	setShort	updateShort
  INTEGER	int	setInt	updateInt
  BIGINT	long	setLong	updateLong
  REAL	float	setFloat	updateFloat
  FLOAT	float	setFloat	updateFloat
  DOUBLE	double	setDouble	updateDouble
  VARBINARY	byte[ ]	setBytes	updateBytes
  BINARY	byte[ ]	setBytes	updateBytes
  DATE	java.sql.Date	setDate	updateDate
  TIME	java.sql.Time	setTime	updateTime
  TIMESTAMP	java.sql.Timestamp	setTimestamp	updateTimestamp
  CLOB	java.sql.Clob	setClob	updateClob
  BLOB	java.sql.Blob	setBlob	updateBlob
  ARRAY	java.sql.Array	setARRAY	updateARRAY
  REF	java.sql.Ref	SetRef	updateRef
  STRUCT	java.sql.Struct	SetStruct	updateStruct

  JDBC 3.0 has enhanced support for BLOB, CLOB, ARRAY, and REF data types. The ResultSet object now has updateBLOB(), updateCLOB(), updateArray(), and updateRef() methods that enable you to directly manipulate the respective data on the server.
  The setXXX() and updateXXX() methods enable you to convert specific Java types to specific JDBC data types. The methods, setObject() and updateObject(), enable you to map almost any Java type to a JDBC data type.
  ResultSet object provides corresponding getXXX() method for each data type to retrieve column value. Each method can be used with column name or by its ordinal position.
  

  SQL	JDBC/Java	setXXX	getXXX
  VARCHAR	java.lang.String	setString	getString
  CHAR	java.lang.String	setString	getString
  LONGVARCHAR	java.lang.String	setString	getString
  BIT	boolean	setBoolean	getBoolean
  NUMERIC	java.math.BigDecimal	setBigDecimal	getBigDecimal
  TINYINT	byte	setByte	getByte
  SMALLINT	short	setShort	getShort
  INTEGER	int	setInt	getInt
  BIGINT	long	setLong	getLong
  REAL	float	setFloat	getFloat
  FLOAT	float	setFloat	getFloat
  DOUBLE	double	setDouble	getDouble
  VARBINARY	byte[ ]	setBytes	getBytes
  BINARY	byte[ ]	setBytes	getBytes
  DATE	java.sql.Date	setDate	getDate
  TIME	java.sql.Time	setTime	getTime
  TIMESTAMP	java.sql.Timestamp	setTimestamp	getTimestamp
  CLOB	java.sql.Clob	setClob	getClob
  BLOB	java.sql.Blob	setBlob	getBlob
  ARRAY	java.sql.Array	setARRAY	getARRAY
  REF	java.sql.Ref	SetRef	getRef
  STRUCT	java.sql.Struct	SetStruct	getStruct

  Date & Time Data Types:

  The java.sql.Date class maps to the SQL DATE type, and the java.sql.Time and java.sql.Timestamp classes map to the SQL TIME and SQL TIMESTAMP data types, respectively.
  Following examples shows how the Date and Time classes format standard Java date and time values to match the SQL data type requirements.
  

  import java.sql.Date;
  import java.sql.Time;
  import java.sql.Timestamp;
  import java.util.*;
  
  public class SqlDateTime {
     public static void main(String[] args) {
        //Get standard date and time
        java.util.Date javaDate = new java.util.Date();
        long javaTime = javaDate.getTime();
        System.out.println("The Java Date is:" + 
               javaDate.toString());
  
        //Get and display SQL DATE
        java.sql.Date sqlDate = new java.sql.Date(javaTime);
        System.out.println("The SQL DATE is: " + 
               sqlDate.toString());
  
        //Get and display SQL TIME
        java.sql.Time sqlTime = new java.sql.Time(javaTime);
        System.out.println("The SQL TIME is: " + 
               sqlTime.toString());
        //Get and display SQL TIMESTAMP
        java.sql.Timestamp sqlTimestamp =
        new java.sql.Timestamp(javaTime);
        System.out.println("The SQL TIMESTAMP is: " + 
               sqlTimestamp.toString());
       }//end main
  }//end SqlDateTime

  Now let us compile above example as follows:
  

  C:\>javac SqlDateTime.java
  C:\>

  When you run JDBCExample, it produces following result:
  

  C:\>java SqlDateTime
  The Java Date is:Tue Aug 18 13:46:02 GMT+04:00 2009
  The SQL DATE is: 2009-08-18
  The SQL TIME is: 13:46:02
  The SQL TIMESTAMP is: 2009-08-18 13:46:02.828
  C:\>

  Handling NULL Values:

  SQL's use of NULL values and Java's use of null are different concepts. So how do you handle SQL NULL values in Java? There are three tactics you can use:
  
• Avoid using getXXX( ) methods that return primitive data types.
• Use wrapper classes for primitive data types, and use the ResultSet object's wasNull( ) method to test whether the wrapper class variable that received the value returned by the getXXX( ) method should be set to null.
• Use primitive data types and the ResultSet object's wasNull( ) method to test whether the primitive variable that received the value returned by the getXXX( ) method should be set to an acceptable value that you've chosen to represent a NULL.

Here is one example to handle a NULL value:

Statement stmt = conn.createStatement( );
String sql = "SELECT id, first, last, age FROM Employees";
ResultSet rs = stmt.executeQuery(sql);

int id = rs.getInt(1);
if( rs.wasNull( ) ) {
   id = 0;
}

\

If your JDBC Connection is in auto-commit mode, which it is by default, then every SQL statement is committed to the database upon its completion.
That may be fine for simple applications, but there are three reasons why you may want to turn off auto-commit and manage your own transactions:

• To increase performance
• To maintain the integrity of business processes
• To use distributed transactions

Transactions enable you to control if, and when, changes are applied to the database. It treats a single SQL statement or a group of SQL statements as one logical unit, and if any statement fails, the whole transaction fails.
To enable manual- transaction support instead of the auto-commit mode that the JDBC driver uses by default, use the Connection object's setAutoCommit() method. If you pass a boolean false to setAutoCommit( ), you turn off auto-commit. You can pass a boolean true to turn it back on again.
For example, if you have a Connection object named conn, code the following to turn off auto-commit:
conn.setAutoCommit(false);

Commit & Rollback

Once you are done with your changes and you want to commit the changes then call commit() method on connection object as follows:
conn.commit( ); Otherwise, to roll back updates to the database made using the Connection named conn, use the following code:
conn.rollback( ); The following example illustrates the use of a commit and rollback object:
try{ //Assume a valid connection object conn conn.setAutoCommit(false); Statement stmt = conn.createStatement(); String SQL = "INSERT INTO Employees " + "VALUES (106, 20, 'Rita', 'Tez')"; stmt.executeUpdate(SQL); //Submit a malformed SQL statement that breaks String SQL = "INSERTED IN Employees " + "VALUES (107, 22, 'Sita', 'Singh')"; stmt.executeUpdate(SQL); // If there is no error. conn.commit(); }catch(SQLException se){ // If there is any error. conn.rollback(); } In this case none of the abobe INSERT statement would success and everything would be rolled back.
For a better understanding, I would suggest to study Commit - Example Code.

Using Savepoints:

The new JDBC 3.0 Savepoint interface gives you additional transactional control. Most modern DBMS support savepoints within their environments such as Oracle's PL/SQL.
When you set a savepoint you define a logical rollback point within a transaction. If an error occurs past a savepoint, you can use the rollback method to undo either all the changes or only the changes made after the savepoint.
The Connection object has two new methods that help you manage savepoints:

• setSavepoint(String savepointName): defines a new savepoint. It also returns a Savepoint object.
• releaseSavepoint(Savepoint savepointName): deletes a savepoint. Notice that it requires a Savepoint object as a parameter. This object is usually a savepoint generated by the setSavepoint() method.

There is one rollback ( String savepointName ) method which rolls back work to the specified savepoint.
The following example illustrates the use of a Savepoint object:
try{ //Assume a valid connection object conn conn.setAutoCommit(false); Statement stmt = conn.createStatement(); //set a Savepoint Savepoint savepoint1 = conn.setSavepoint("Savepoint1"); String SQL = "INSERT INTO Employees " + "VALUES (106, 20, 'Rita', 'Tez')"; stmt.executeUpdate(SQL); //Submit a malformed SQL statement that breaks String SQL = "INSERTED IN Employees " + "VALUES (107, 22, 'Sita', 'Tez')"; stmt.executeUpdate(SQL); // If there is no error, commit the changes. conn.commit(); }catch(SQLException se){ // If there is any error. conn.rollback(savepoint1); }

Exception handling allows you to handle exceptional conditions such as program-defined errors in a controlled fashion.
When an exception condition occurs, an exception is thrown. The term thrown means that current program execution stops, and control is redirected to the nearest applicable catch clause. If no applicable catch clause exists, then the program's execution ends.
JDBC Exception handling is very similar to Java Excpetion handling but for JDBC, the most common exception you'll deal with is java.sql.SQLException.

SQLException Methods:

A SQLException can occur both in the driver and the database. When such an exception occurs, an object of type SQLException will be passed to the catch clause.
The passed SQLException object has the following methods available for retrieving additional information about the exception:

Method	Description
getErrorCode( )	Gets the error number associated with the exception.
getMessage( )	Gets the JDBC driver's error message for an error handled by the driver or gets the Oracle error number and message for a database error.
getSQLState( )	Gets the XOPEN SQLstate string. For a JDBC driver error, no useful information is returned from this method. For a database error, the five-digit XOPEN SQLstate code is returned. This method can return null.
getNextException( )	Gets the next Exception object in the exception chain.
printStackTrace( )	Prints the current exception, or throwable, and its backtrace to a standard error stream.
printStackTrace(PrintStream s)	Prints this throwable and its backtrace to the print stream you specify.
printStackTrace(PrintWriter w)	Prints this throwable and its backtrace to the print writer you specify.

By utilizing the information available from the Exception object, you can catch an exception and continue your program appropriately. Here is the general form of a try block:

try {
   // Your risky code goes between these curly braces!!!
}
catch(Exception ex) {
   // Your exception handling code goes between these 
   // curly braces, similar to the exception clause 
   // in a PL/SQL block.
}
finally {
   // Your must-always-be-executed code goes between these 
   // curly braces. Like closing database connection.
}

Example:

Study the following example code to understand the usage of try....catch...finally blocks.

//STEP 1. Import required packages
import java.sql.*;

public class JDBCExample {
   // JDBC driver name and database URL
   static final String JDBC_DRIVER = "com.mysql.jdbc.Driver";  
   static final String DB_URL = "jdbc:mysql://localhost/EMP";

   //  Database credentials
   static final String USER = "username";
   static final String PASS = "password";
   
   public static void main(String[] args) {
   Connection conn = null;
   try{
      //STEP 2: Register JDBC driver
      Class.forName("com.mysql.jdbc.Driver");

      //STEP 3: Open a connection
      System.out.println("Connecting to database...");
      conn = DriverManager.getConnection(DB_URL,USER,PASS);

      //STEP 4: Execute a query
      System.out.println("Creating statement...");
      Statement stmt = conn.createStatement();
      String sql;
      sql = "SELECT id, first, last, age FROM Employees";
      ResultSet rs = stmt.executeQuery(sql);

      //STEP 5: Extract data from result set
      while(rs.next()){
         //Retrieve by column name
         int id  = rs.getInt("id");
         int age = rs.getInt("age");
         String first = rs.getString("first");
         String last = rs.getString("last");

         //Display values
         System.out.print("ID: " + id);
         System.out.print(", Age: " + age);
         System.out.print(", First: " + first);
         System.out.println(", Last: " + last);
      }
      //STEP 6: Clean-up environment
      rs.close();
      stmt.close();
      conn.close();
   }catch(SQLException se){
      //Handle errors for JDBC
      se.printStackTrace();
   }catch(Exception e){
      //Handle errors for Class.forName
      e.printStackTrace();
   }finally{
      //finally block used to close resources
      try{
         if(conn!=null)
            conn.close();
      }catch(SQLException se){
         se.printStackTrace();
      }//end finally try
   }//end try
   System.out.println("Goodbye!");
}//end main
}//end JDBCExample

Now let us compile above example as follows:

C:\>javac JDBCExample.java
C:\>

When you run JDBCExample, it produces following result if there is no problem, otherwise corresponding error would be caught and error message would be displayed:

C:\>java JDBCExample
Connecting to database...
Creating statement...
ID: 100, Age: 18, First: Zara, Last: Ali
ID: 101, Age: 25, First: Mahnaz, Last: Fatma
ID: 102, Age: 30, First: Zaid, Last: Khan
ID: 103, Age: 28, First: Sumit, Last: Mittal
C:\>

Try above example by passing wrong database name or wrong username or password and check the result.
Batch Processing allows you to group related SQL statements into a batch and submit them with one call to the database.
When you send several SQL statements to the database at once, you reduce the amount of communication overhead, thereby improving performance.

• JDBC drivers are not required to support this feature. You should use the DatabaseMetaData.supportsBatchUpdates() method to determine if the target database supports batch update processing. The method returns true if your JDBC driver supports this feature.
• The addBatch() method of Statement, PreparedStatement, and CallableStatement is used to add individual statements to the batch. The executeBatch() is used to start the execution of all the statements grouped together.
• The executeBatch() returns an array of integers, and each element of the array represents the update count for the respective update statement.
• Just as you can add statements to a batch for processing, you can remove them with the clearBatch() method. This method removes all the statements you added with the addBatch() method. However, you cannot selectively choose which statement to remove.

Batching with Statement Object:

Here is a typical sequence of steps to use Batch Processing with Statment Object:

• Create a Statement object using either createStatement() methods.
• Set auto-commit to false using setAutoCommit().
• Add as many as SQL statements you like into batch using addBatch() method on created statement object.
• Execute all the SQL statements using executeBatch() method on created statement object.
• Finally, commit all the changes using commit() method.

Example:

The following code snippet provides an example of a batch update using Statement object:

// Create statement object
Statement stmt = conn.createStatement();

// Set auto-commit to false
conn.setAutoCommit(false);

// Create SQL statement
String SQL = "INSERT INTO Employees (id, first, last, age) " +
             "VALUES(200,'Zia', 'Ali', 30)";
// Add above SQL statement in the batch.
stmt.addBatch(SQL);

// Create one more SQL statement
String SQL = "INSERT INTO Employees (id, first, last, age) " +
             "VALUES(201,'Raj', 'Kumar', 35)";
// Add above SQL statement in the batch.
stmt.addBatch(SQL);

// Create one more SQL statement
String SQL = "UPDATE Employees SET age = 35 " +
             "WHERE id = 100";
// Add above SQL statement in the batch.
stmt.addBatch(SQL);

// Create an int[] to hold returned values
int[] count = stmt.executeBatch();

//Explicitly commit statements to apply changes
conn.commit();

For a better understanding, I would suggest to study Batching - Example Code.

Batching with PrepareStatement Object:

Here is a typical sequence of steps to use Batch Processing with PrepareStatement Object:

• Create SQL statements with placeholders.
• Create PrepareStatement object using either prepareStatement() methods.
• Set auto-commit to false using setAutoCommit().
• Add as many as SQL statements you like into batch using addBatch() method on created statement object.
• Execute all the SQL statements using executeBatch() method on created statement object.
• Finally, commit all the changes using commit() method.

The following code snippet provides an example of a batch update using PrepareStatement object:

// Create SQL statement
String SQL = "INSERT INTO Employees (id, first, last, age) " +
             "VALUES(?, ?, ?, ?)";

// Create PrepareStatement object
PreparedStatemen pstmt = conn.prepareStatement(SQL);

//Set auto-commit to false
conn.setAutoCommit(false);

// Set the variables
pstmt.setInt( 1, 400 );
pstmt.setString( 2, "Pappu" );
pstmt.setString( 3, "Singh" );
pstmt.setInt( 4, 33 );
// Add it to the batch
pstmt.addBatch();

// Set the variables
pstmt.setInt( 1, 401 );
pstmt.setString( 2, "Pawan" );
pstmt.setString( 3, "Singh" );
pstmt.setInt( 4, 31 );
// Add it to the batch
pstmt.addBatch();

//add more batches
.
.
.
.
//Create an int[] to hold returned values
int[] count = stmt.executeBatch();

//Explicitly commit statements to apply changes
conn.commit(); 

I have explained how to use Stored Procedures in JDBC while discussing JDBC - Statements. This tutorial is similar to that section but it would give you additional information about JDBC SQL escape syntax.
Just as a Connection object creates the Statement and PreparedStatement objects, it also creates the CallableStatement object which would be used to execute a call to a database stored procedure.

Creating CallableStatement Object:

Suppose, you need to execute the following Oracle stored procedure:
CREATE OR REPLACE PROCEDURE getEmpName (EMP_ID IN NUMBER, EMP_FIRST OUT VARCHAR) AS BEGIN SELECT first INTO EMP_FIRST FROM Employees WHERE ID = EMP_ID; END; NOTE: Above stored procedure has been written for Oracle, but we are working with MySQL database so let us write same stored procedure for MySQL as follows to create it in EMP database:
DELIMITER $$ DROP PROCEDURE IF EXISTS `EMP`.`getEmpName` $$ CREATE PROCEDURE `EMP`.`getEmpName` (IN EMP_ID INT, OUT EMP_FIRST VARCHAR(255)) BEGIN SELECT first INTO EMP_FIRST FROM Employees WHERE ID = EMP_ID; END $$ DELIMITER ; Three types of parameters exist: IN, OUT, and INOUT. The PreparedStatement object only uses the IN parameter. The CallableStatement object can use all three.
Here are the definitions of each:

Parameter	Description
IN	A parameter whose value is unknown when the SQL statement is created. You bind values to IN parameters with the setXXX() methods.
OUT	A parameter whose value is supplied by the SQL statement it returns. You retrieve values from theOUT parameters with the getXXX() methods.
INOUT	A parameter that provides both input and output values. You bind variables with the setXXX() methods and retrieve values with the getXXX() methods.

The following code snippet shows how to employ the Connection.prepareCall() method to instantiate a CallableStatement object based on the preceding stored procedure:
CallableStatement cstmt = null; try { String SQL = "{call getEmpName (?, ?)}"; cstmt = conn.prepareCall (SQL); . . . } catch (SQLException e) { . . . } finally { . . . } The String variable SQL represents the stored procedure, with parameter placeholders.
Using CallableStatement objects is much like using PreparedStatement objects. You must bind values to all parameters before executing the statement, or you will receive an SQLException.
If you have IN parameters, just follow the same rules and techniques that apply to a PreparedStatement object; use the setXXX() method that corresponds to the Java data type you are binding.
When you use OUT and INOUT parameters you must employ an additional CallableStatement method, registerOutParameter(). The registerOutParameter() method binds the JDBC data type to the data type the stored procedure is expected to return.
Once you call your stored procedure, you retrieve the value from the OUT parameter with the appropriate getXXX() method. This method casts the retrieved value of SQL type to a Java data type.

Closing CallableStatement Obeject:

Just as you close other Statement object, for the same reason you should also close the CallableStatement object.
A simple call to the close() method will do the job. If you close the Connection object first it will close the CallableStatement object as well. However, you should always explicitly close the CallableStatement object to ensure proper cleanup.
CallableStatement cstmt = null; try { String SQL = "{call getEmpName (?, ?)}"; cstmt = conn.prepareCall (SQL); . . . } catch (SQLException e) { . . . } finally { cstmt.close(); } For a better understanding, I would suggest to study Callable - Example Code.

JDBC SQL escape syntax:

The escape syntax gives you the flexibility to use database specific features unavailable to you by using standard JDBC methods and properties.
The general SQL escape syntax format is as follows:
{keyword 'parameters'} Here are following escape sequences which you would find very useful while doing JDBC programming:

d, t, ts Keywords:

They help identify date, time, and timestamp literals. As you know, no two DBMSs represent time and date the same way. This escape syntax tells the driver to render the date or time in the target database's format. For Example:
{d 'yyyy-mm-dd'} Where yyyy = year, mm = month; dd = date. Using this syntax {d '2009-09-03'} is March 9, 2009.
Here is a simple example showing how to INSERT date in a table:
//Create a Statement object stmt = conn.createStatement(); //Insert data ==> ID, First Name, Last Name, DOB String sql="INSERT INTO STUDENTS VALUES" + "(100,'Zara','Ali', {d '2001-12-16'})"; stmt.executeUpdate(sql); Similarly, you can use one of the following two syntaxes, either t or ts:
{t 'hh:mm:ss'} Where hh = hour; mm = minute; ss = second. Using this syntax {t '13:30:29'} is 1:30:29 PM.
{ts 'yyyy-mm-dd hh:mm:ss'} This is combined syntax of the above two syntax for 'd' and 't' to represent timestamp.

escape Keyword:

This keyword identifies the escape character used in LIKE clauses. Useful when using the SQL wildcard %, which matches zero or more characters. For example:
String sql = "SELECT symbol FROM MathSymbols WHERE symbol LIKE '\%' {escape '\'}"; stmt.execute(sql); If you use the backslash character (\) as the escape character, you also have to use two backslash characters in your Java String literal, because the backslash is also a Java escape character.

fn Keyword:

This keyword represents scalar functions used in a DBMS. For example, you can use SQL function length to ge the length of a string:
{fn length('Hello World')} This returns 11, the length of the character string 'Hello World'.

call Keyword:

This keywork is used to call stored procedures. For example, for a stored procedure requiring an IN parameter, use following syntax:
{call my_procedure(?)}; For a stored procedure requiring an IN parameter and returning an OUT parameter, use following syntax:
{? = call my_procedure(?)};

oj Keyword:

This keyword is used to signify outer joins. The syntax is as follows:
{oj outer-join} Where outer-join = table {LEFT|RIGHT|FULL} OUTERJOIN {table | outer-join} on search-condition. For example:
String sql = "SELECT Employees FROM {oj ThisTable RIGHT OUTER JOIN ThatTable on id = '100'}"; stmt.execute(sql);

A PreparedStatement object has the ability to use input and output streams to supply parameter data. This enables you to place entire files into database columns that can hold large values, such as CLOB and BLOB data types.
There are following methods which can be used to stream data:

• setAsciiStream(): This method is used to supply large ASCII values.
• setCharacterStream(): This method is used to supply large UNICODE values.
• setBinaryStream(): This method is used to supply large binary values.

The setXXXStream() method requires an extra parameter, the file size, besides the parameter placeholder. This parameter informs the driver how much data should be sent to the database using the stream.

Example

Consider we want to upload an XML file XML_Data.xml into a database table. Here is the content of this XML file:

<?xml version="1.0"?>
<Employee>
<id>100</id>
<first>Zara</first>
<last>Ali</last>
<Salary>10000</Salary>
<Dob>18-08-1978</Dob>
<Employee>

Keep this XML file in the same directory where you are going to run this example.
This example would create a database table XML_Data and then file XML_Data.xml would be uploaded into this table.
Copy and past following example in JDBCExample.java, compile and run as follows:

// Import required packages
import java.sql.*;
import java.io.*;
import java.util.*;

public class JDBCExample {
   // JDBC driver name and database URL
   static final String JDBC_DRIVER = "com.mysql.jdbc.Driver";  
   static final String DB_URL = "jdbc:mysql://localhost/EMP";

   //  Database credentials
   static final String USER = "username";
   static final String PASS = "password";
   
   public static void main(String[] args) {
   Connection conn = null;
   PreparedStatement pstmt = null;
   Statement stmt = null;
   ResultSet rs = null;
   try{
      // Register JDBC driver
      Class.forName("com.mysql.jdbc.Driver");

      // Open a connection
      System.out.println("Connecting to database...");
      conn = DriverManager.getConnection(DB_URL,USER,PASS);

      //Create a Statement object and build table
      stmt = conn.createStatement();
      createXMLTable(stmt);

      //Open a FileInputStream
      File f = new File("XML_Data.xml");
      long fileLength = f.length();
      FileInputStream fis = new FileInputStream(f);

      //Create PreparedStatement and stream data
      String SQL = "INSERT INTO XML_Data VALUES (?,?)";
      pstmt = conn.prepareStatement(SQL);
      pstmt.setInt(1,100);
      pstmt.setAsciiStream(2,fis,(int)fileLength);
      pstmt.execute();

      //Close input stream
      fis.close();

      // Do a query to get the row
      SQL = "SELECT Data FROM XML_Data WHERE id=100";
      rs = stmt.executeQuery (SQL);
      // Get the first row
      if (rs.next ()){
         //Retrieve data from input stream
         InputStream xmlInputStream = rs.getAsciiStream (1);
         int c;
         ByteArrayOutputStream bos = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
         while (( c = xmlInputStream.read ()) != -1)
            bos.write(c);
         //Print results
         System.out.println(bos.toString());
      }
      // Clean-up environment
      rs.close();
      stmt.close();
      pstmt.close();
      conn.close();
   }catch(SQLException se){
      //Handle errors for JDBC
      se.printStackTrace();
   }catch(Exception e){
      //Handle errors for Class.forName
      e.printStackTrace();
   }finally{
      //finally block used to close resources
      try{
         if(stmt!=null)
            stmt.close();
      }catch(SQLException se2){
      }// nothing we can do
      try{
         if(pstmt!=null)
            pstmt.close();
      }catch(SQLException se2){
      }// nothing we can do
      try{
         if(conn!=null)
            conn.close();
      }catch(SQLException se){
         se.printStackTrace();
      }//end finally try
   }//end try
   System.out.println("Goodbye!");
}//end main

public static void createXMLTable(Statement stmt) 
   throws SQLException{
   System.out.println("Creating XML_Data table..." );
   //Create SQL Statement
   String streamingDataSql = "CREATE TABLE XML_Data " +
                             "(id INTEGER, Data LONG)";
   //Drop table first if it exists.
   try{
      stmt.executeUpdate("DROP TABLE XML_Data");
   }catch(SQLException se){
   }// do nothing
   //Build table.
   stmt.executeUpdate(streamingDataSql);
}//end createXMLTable
}//end JDBCExample

Now let us compile above example as follows:

C:\>javac JDBCExample.java
C:\>

When you run JDBCExample, it produces following result:

C:\>java JDBCExample
Connecting to database...
Creating XML_Data table...
<?xml version="1.0"?>
<Employee>
<id>100</id>
<first>Zara</first>
<last>Ali</last>
<Salary>10000</Salary>
<Dob>18-08-1978</Dob>
<Employee>
Goodbye!
C:\>

This tutorial provides an example on how to create a Database using JDBC application. Before executing following example, make sure you have the following in place:

• You should have admin privilege to create a database in the given schema. To execute the following example you need to replace username and password with your actual user name and password.
• Your MySQL or whatever database you are using is up and running.

Required Steps:

There are following steps required to create a new Database using JDBC application:

• Import the packages . Requires that you include the packages containing the JDBC classes needed for database programming. Most often, using import java.sql.* will suffice.
• Register the JDBC driver . Requires that you initialize a driver so you can open a communications channel with the database.
• Open a connection . Requires using the DriverManager.getConnection() method to create a Connection object, which represents a physical connection with datbase server.
  To create a new database, you need not to give any database name while preparing database URL as mentioned in the below example.
• Execute a query . Requires using an object of type Statement for building and submitting an SQL statement to the database.
• Clean up the environment . Requires explicitly closing all database resources versus relying on the JVM's garbage collection.
  

Sample Code:

Copy and past following example in JDBCExample.java, compile and run as follows:
//STEP 1. Import required packages import java.sql.*; public class JDBCExample { // JDBC driver name and database URL static final String JDBC_DRIVER = "com.mysql.jdbc.Driver"; static final String DB_URL = "jdbc:mysql://localhost/"; // Database credentials static final String USER = "username"; static final String PASS = "password"; public static void main(String[] args) { Connection conn = null; Statement stmt = null; try{ //STEP 2: Register JDBC driver Class.forName("com.mysql.jdbc.Driver"); //STEP 3: Open a connection System.out.println("Connecting to database..."); conn = DriverManager.getConnection(DB_URL, USER, PASS); //STEP 4: Execute a query System.out.println("Creating database..."); stmt = conn.createStatement(); String sql = "CREATE DATABASE STUDENTS"; stmt.executeUpdate(sql); System.out.println("Database created successfully..."); }catch(SQLException se){ //Handle errors for JDBC se.printStackTrace(); }catch(Exception e){ //Handle errors for Class.forName e.printStackTrace(); }finally{ //finally block used to close resources try{ if(stmt!=null) stmt.close(); }catch(SQLException se2){ }// nothing we can do try{ if(conn!=null) conn.close(); }catch(SQLException se){ se.printStackTrace(); }//end finally try }//end try System.out.println("Goodbye!"); }//end main }//end JDBCExample Now let us compile above example as follows:
C:\>javac JDBCExample.java C:\> When you run JDBCExample, it produces following result:
C:\>java JDBCExample Connecting to database... Creating database... Database created successfully... Goodbye! C:\>

This tutorial provides an example on how to select a Database using JDBC application. Before executing following example, make sure you have the following in place:

• To execute the following example you need to replace username and password with your actual user name and password.
• Your MySQL or whatever database you are using is up and running.

Required Steps:

There are following steps required to create a new Database using JDBC application:

• Import the packages . Requires that you include the packages containing the JDBC classes needed for database programming. Most often, using import java.sql.* will suffice.
• Register the JDBC driver . Requires that you initialize a driver so you can open a communications channel with the database.
• Open a connection . Requires using the DriverManager.getConnection() method to create a Connection object, which represents a physical connection with a selected database.
  Selection of database is made while you prepare database URL. Following example would make connection with STUDENTS database.
• Clean up the environment . Requires explicitly closing all database resources versus relying on the JVM's garbage collection.
  

Sample Code:

Copy and past following example in JDBCExample.java, compile and run as follows:

//STEP 1. Import required packages
import java.sql.*;

public class JDBCExample {
   // JDBC driver name and database URL
   static final String JDBC_DRIVER = "com.mysql.jdbc.Driver";  
   static final String DB_URL = "jdbc:mysql://localhost/STUDENTS";

   //  Database credentials
   static final String USER = "username";
   static final String PASS = "password";
   
   public static void main(String[] args) {
   Connection conn = null;
   try{
      //STEP 2: Register JDBC driver
      Class.forName("com.mysql.jdbc.Driver");

      //STEP 3: Open a connection
      System.out.println("Connecting to a selected database...");
      conn = DriverManager.getConnection(DB_URL, USER, PASS);
      System.out.println("Connected database successfully...");
   }catch(SQLException se){
      //Handle errors for JDBC
      se.printStackTrace();
   }catch(Exception e){
      //Handle errors for Class.forName
      e.printStackTrace();
   }finally{
      //finally block used to close resources
      try{
         if(conn!=null)
            conn.close();
      }catch(SQLException se){
         se.printStackTrace();
      }//end finally try
   }//end try
   System.out.println("Goodbye!");
}//end main
}//end JDBCExample

Now let us compile above example as follows:

C:\>javac JDBCExample.java
C:\>

When you run JDBCExample, it produces following result:

C:\>java JDBCExample
Connecting to a selected database...
Connected database successfully...
Goodbye!
C:\> 

This tutorial provides an example on how to drop an existing Database using JDBC application. Before executing following example, make sure you have the following in place:

• To execute the following example you need to replace username and password with your actual user name and password.
• Your MySQL or whatever database you are using is up and running.

NOTE: This is a serious operation and you have to make a firm decision before proceeding to delete a database because everything you have in your database would be lost.

Required Steps:

There are following steps required to create a new Database using JDBC application:

• Import the packages: Requires that you include the packages containing the JDBC classes needed for database programming. Most often, using import java.sql.* will suffice.
• Register the JDBC driver: Requires that you initialize a driver so you can open a communications channel with the database.
• Open a connection: Requires using the DriverManager.getConnection() method to create a Connection object, which represents a physical connection with a database server.
  Deleting a database does not require database name to be in your database URL. Following example would delete STUDENTS database.
• Execute a query: Requires using an object of type Statement for building and submitting an SQL statement to delete the database.
• Clean up the environment . Requires explicitly closing all database resources versus relying on the JVM's garbage collection.
  

Sample Code:

Copy and past following example in JDBCExample.java, compile and run as follows:
//STEP 1. Import required packages import java.sql.*; public class JDBCExample { // JDBC driver name and database URL static final String JDBC_DRIVER = "com.mysql.jdbc.Driver"; static final String DB_URL = "jdbc:mysql://localhost/"; // Database credentials static final String USER = "username"; static final String PASS = "password"; public static void main(String[] args) { Connection conn = null; Statement stmt = null; try{ //STEP 2: Register JDBC driver Class.forName("com.mysql.jdbc.Driver"); //STEP 3: Open a connection System.out.println("Connecting to a selected database..."); conn = DriverManager.getConnection(DB_URL, USER, PASS); System.out.println("Connected database successfully..."); //STEP 4: Execute a query System.out.println("Deleting database..."); stmt = conn.createStatement(); String sql = "DROP DATABASE STUDENTS"; stmt.executeUpdate(sql); System.out.println("Database deleted successfully..."); }catch(SQLException se){ //Handle errors for JDBC se.printStackTrace(); }catch(Exception e){ //Handle errors for Class.forName e.printStackTrace(); }finally{ //finally block used to close resources try{ if(stmt!=null) conn.close(); }catch(SQLException se){ }// do nothing try{ if(conn!=null) conn.close(); }catch(SQLException se){ se.printStackTrace(); }//end finally try }//end try System.out.println("Goodbye!"); }//end main }//end JDBCExample Now let us compile above example as follows:
C:\>javac JDBCExample.java C:\> When you run JDBCExample, it produces following result:
C:\>java JDBCExample Connecting to a selected database... Connected database successfully... Deleting database... Database deleted successfully... Goodbye! C:\>

This tutorial provides an example on how to create a table using JDBC application. Before executing following example, make sure you have the following in place:

• To execute the following example you can replace username and password with your actual user name and password.
• Your MySQL or whatever database you are using is up and running.

Required Steps:

There are following steps required to create a new Database using JDBC application:

• Import the packages: Requires that you include the packages containing the JDBC classes needed for database programming. Most often, using import java.sql.* will suffice.
• Register the JDBC driver: Requires that you initialize a driver so you can open a communications channel with the database.
• Open a connection: Requires using the DriverManager.getConnection() method to create a Connection object, which represents a physical connection with a database server.
• Execute a query: Requires using an object of type Statement for building and submitting an SQL statement to create a table in a seleted database.
• Clean up the environment . Requires explicitly closing all database resources versus relying on the JVM's garbage collection.
  

Sample Code:

Copy and past following example in JDBCExample.java, compile and run as follows:

//STEP 1. Import required packages
import java.sql.*;

public class JDBCExample {
   // JDBC driver name and database URL
   static final String JDBC_DRIVER = "com.mysql.jdbc.Driver";  
   static final String DB_URL = "jdbc:mysql://localhost/STUDENTS";

   //  Database credentials
   static final String USER = "username";
   static final String PASS = "password";
   
   public static void main(String[] args) {
   Connection conn = null;
   Statement stmt = null;
   try{
      //STEP 2: Register JDBC driver
      Class.forName("com.mysql.jdbc.Driver");

      //STEP 3: Open a connection
      System.out.println("Connecting to a selected database...");
      conn = DriverManager.getConnection(DB_URL, USER, PASS);
      System.out.println("Connected database successfully...");
      
      //STEP 4: Execute a query
      System.out.println("Creating table in given database...");
      stmt = conn.createStatement();
      
      String sql = "CREATE TABLE REGISTRATION " +
                   "(id INTEGER not NULL, " +
                   " first VARCHAR(255), " + 
                   " last VARCHAR(255), " + 
                   " age INTEGER, " + 
                   " PRIMARY KEY ( id ))"; 

      stmt.executeUpdate(sql);
      System.out.println("Created table in given database...");
   }catch(SQLException se){
      //Handle errors for JDBC
      se.printStackTrace();
   }catch(Exception e){
      //Handle errors for Class.forName
      e.printStackTrace();
   }finally{
      //finally block used to close resources
      try{
         if(stmt!=null)
            conn.close();
      }catch(SQLException se){
      }// do nothing
      try{
         if(conn!=null)
            conn.close();
      }catch(SQLException se){
         se.printStackTrace();
      }//end finally try
   }//end try
   System.out.println("Goodbye!");
}//end main
}//end JDBCExample

Now let us compile above example as follows:

C:\>javac JDBCExample.java
C:\>

When you run JDBCExample, it produces following result:

C:\>java JDBCExample
Connecting to a selected database...
Connected database successfully...
Creating table in given database...
Created table in given database...
Goodbye!
C:\>

This tutorial provides an example on how to delete a table using JDBC application. Before executing following example, make sure you have the following in place:

• To execute the following example you can replace username and password with your actual user name and password.
• Your MySQL or whatever database you are using is up and running.

NOTE: This is a serious operation and you have to make a firm decision before proceeding to delete a table because everything you have in your table would be lost.

Required Steps:

There are following steps required to create a new Database using JDBC application:

• Import the packages: Requires that you include the packages containing the JDBC classes needed for database programming. Most often, using import java.sql.* will suffice.
• Register the JDBC driver: Requires that you initialize a driver so you can open a communications channel with the database.
• Open a connection: Requires using the DriverManager.getConnection() method to create a Connection object, which represents a physical connection with a database server.
• Execute a query: Requires using an object of type Statement for building and submitting an SQL statement to drop a table in a seleted database.
• Clean up the environment . Requires explicitly closing all database resources versus relying on the JVM's garbage collection.
  

Sample Code:

Copy and past following example in JDBCExample.java, compile and run as follows:
//STEP 1. Import required packages import java.sql.*; public class JDBCExample { // JDBC driver name and database URL static final String JDBC_DRIVER = "com.mysql.jdbc.Driver"; static final String DB_URL = "jdbc:mysql://localhost/STUDENTS"; // Database credentials static final String USER = "username"; static final String PASS = "password"; public static void main(String[] args) { Connection conn = null; Statement stmt = null; try{ //STEP 2: Register JDBC driver Class.forName("com.mysql.jdbc.Driver"); //STEP 3: Open a connection System.out.println("Connecting to a selected database..."); conn = DriverManager.getConnection(DB_URL, USER, PASS); System.out.println("Connected database successfully..."); //STEP 4: Execute a query System.out.println("Deleting table in given database..."); stmt = conn.createStatement(); String sql = "DROP TABLE REGISTRATION "; stmt.executeUpdate(sql); System.out.println("Table deleted in given database..."); }catch(SQLException se){ //Handle errors for JDBC se.printStackTrace(); }catch(Exception e){ //Handle errors for Class.forName e.printStackTrace(); }finally{ //finally block used to close resources try{ if(stmt!=null) conn.close(); }catch(SQLException se){ }// do nothing try{ if(conn!=null) conn.close(); }catch(SQLException se){ se.printStackTrace(); }//end finally try }//end try System.out.println("Goodbye!"); }//end main }//end JDBCExample Now let us compile above example as follows:
C:\>javac JDBCExample.java C:\> When you run JDBCExample, it produces following result:
C:\>java JDBCExample Connecting to a selected database... Connected database successfully... Deleting table in given database... Table deleted in given database... Goodbye! C:\>

This tutorial provides an example on how to insert records in a table using JDBC application. Before executing following example, make sure you have the following in place:

• To execute the following example you can replace username and password with your actual user name and password.
• Your MySQL or whatever database you are using is up and running.

Required Steps:

There are following steps required to create a new Database using JDBC application:

• Import the packages: Requires that you include the packages containing the JDBC classes needed for database programming. Most often, using import java.sql.* will suffice.
• Register the JDBC driver: Requires that you initialize a driver so you can open a communications channel with the database.
• Open a connection: Requires using the DriverManager.getConnection() method to create a Connection object, which represents a physical connection with a database server.
• Execute a query: Requires using an object of type Statement for building and submitting an SQL statement to insert records into a table.
• Clean up the environment: Requires explicitly closing all database resources versus relying on the JVM's garbage collection.
  

Sample Code:

Copy and past following example in JDBCExample.java, compile and run as follows:

//STEP 1. Import required packages
import java.sql.*;

public class JDBCExample {
   // JDBC driver name and database URL
   static final String JDBC_DRIVER = "com.mysql.jdbc.Driver";  
   static final String DB_URL = "jdbc:mysql://localhost/STUDENTS";

   //  Database credentials
   static final String USER = "username";
   static final String PASS = "password";
   
   public static void main(String[] args) {
   Connection conn = null;
   Statement stmt = null;
   try{
      //STEP 2: Register JDBC driver
      Class.forName("com.mysql.jdbc.Driver");

      //STEP 3: Open a connection
      System.out.println("Connecting to a selected database...");
      conn = DriverManager.getConnection(DB_URL, USER, PASS);
      System.out.println("Connected database successfully...");
      
      //STEP 4: Execute a query
      System.out.println("Inserting records into the table...");
      stmt = conn.createStatement();
      
      String sql = "INSERT INTO Registration " +
                   "VALUES (100, 'Zara', 'Ali', 18)";
      stmt.executeUpdate(sql);
      sql = "INSERT INTO Registration " +
                   "VALUES (101, 'Mahnaz', 'Fatma', 25)";
      stmt.executeUpdate(sql);
      sql = "INSERT INTO Registration " +
                   "VALUES (102, 'Zaid', 'Khan', 30)";
      stmt.executeUpdate(sql);
      sql = "INSERT INTO Registration " +
                   "VALUES(103, 'Sumit', 'Mittal', 28)";
      stmt.executeUpdate(sql);
      System.out.println("Inserted records into the table...");

   }catch(SQLException se){
      //Handle errors for JDBC
      se.printStackTrace();
   }catch(Exception e){
      //Handle errors for Class.forName
      e.printStackTrace();
   }finally{
      //finally block used to close resources
      try{
         if(stmt!=null)
            conn.close();
      }catch(SQLException se){
      }// do nothing
      try{
         if(conn!=null)
            conn.close();
      }catch(SQLException se){
         se.printStackTrace();
      }//end finally try
   }//end try
   System.out.println("Goodbye!");
}//end main
}//end JDBCExample

Now let us compile above example as follows:

C:\>javac JDBCExample.java
C:\>

When you run JDBCExample, it produces following result:

C

This tutorial provides an example on how to select/ fetch records from a table using JDBC application. Before executing following example, make sure you have the following in place:

• To execute the following example you can replace username and password with your actual user name and password.
• Your MySQL or whatever database you are using is up and running.

Required Steps:

There are following steps required to create a new Database using JDBC application:

• Import the packages: Requires that you include the packages containing the JDBC classes needed for database programming. Most often, using import java.sql.* will suffice.
• Register the JDBC driver: Requires that you initialize a driver so you can open a communications channel with the database.
• Open a connection: Requires using the DriverManager.getConnection() method to create a Connection object, which represents a physical connection with a database server.
• Execute a query: Requires using an object of type Statement for building and submitting an SQL statement to select (i.e. fetch ) records from a table.
• Extract Data: Once SQL query is executed, you can fetch records from the table.
• Clean up the environment: Requires explicitly closing all database resources versus relying on the JVM's garbage collection.
  

Sample Code:

Copy and past following example in JDBCExample.java, compile and run as follows:
//STEP 1. Import required packages import java.sql.*; public class JDBCExample { // JDBC driver name and database URL static final String JDBC_DRIVER = "com.mysql.jdbc.Driver"; static final String DB_URL = "jdbc:mysql://localhost/STUDENTS"; // Database credentials static final String USER = "username"; static final String PASS = "password"; public static void main(String[] args) { Connection conn = null; Statement stmt = null; try{ //STEP 2: Register JDBC driver Class.forName("com.mysql.jdbc.Driver"); //STEP 3: Open a connection System.out.println("Connecting to a selected database..."); conn = DriverManager.getConnection(DB_URL, USER, PASS); System.out.println("Connected database successfully..."); //STEP 4: Execute a query System.out.println("Creating statement..."); stmt = conn.createStatement(); String sql = "SELECT id, first, last, age FROM Registration"; ResultSet rs = stmt.executeQuery(sql); //STEP 5: Extract data from result set while(rs.next()){ //Retrieve by column name int id = rs.getInt("id"); int age = rs.getInt("age"); String first = rs.getString("first"); String last = rs.getString("last"); //Display values System.out.print("ID: " + id); System.out.print(", Age: " + age); System.out.print(", First: " + first); System.out.println(", Last: " + last); } rs.close(); }catch(SQLException se){ //Handle errors for JDBC se.printStackTrace(); }catch(Exception e){ //Handle errors for Class.forName e.printStackTrace(); }finally{ //finally block used to close resources try{ if(stmt!=null) conn.close(); }catch(SQLException se){ }// do nothing try{ if(conn!=null) conn.close(); }catch(SQLException se){ se.printStackTrace(); }//end finally try }//end try System.out.println("Goodbye!"); }//end main }//end JDBCExample Now let us compile above example as follows:
C:\>javac JDBCExample.java C:\> When you run JDBCExample, it produces following result:
C:\>java JDBCExample Connecting to a selected database... Connected database successfully... Creating statement... ID: 100, Age: 18, First: Zara, Last: Ali ID: 101, Age: 25, First: Mahnaz, Last: Fatma ID: 102, Age: 30, First: Zaid, Last: Khan ID: 103, Age: 28, First: Sumit, Last: Mittal Goodbye! C:\>

This tutorial provides an example on how to update records in a table using JDBC application. Before executing following example, make sure you have the following in place:

• To execute the following example you can replace username and password with your actual user name and password.
• Your MySQL or whatever database you are using is up and running.

Required Steps:

There are following steps required to create a new Database using JDBC application:

• Import the packages: Requires that you include the packages containing the JDBC classes needed for database programming. Most often, using import java.sql.* will suffice.
• Register the JDBC driver: Requires that you initialize a driver so you can open a communications channel with the database.
• Open a connection: Requires using the DriverManager.getConnection() method to create a Connection object, which represents a physical connection with a database server.
• Execute a query: Requires using an object of type Statement for building and submitting an SQL statement to update records in a table. This Query makes use of IN and WHERE clause to update conditional records.
• Clean up the environment: Requires explicitly closing all database resources versus relying on the JVM's garbage collection.
  

Sample Code:

Copy and past following example in JDBCExample.java, compile and run as follows:

//STEP 1. Import required packages
import java.sql.*;

public class JDBCExample {
   // JDBC driver name and database URL
   static final String JDBC_DRIVER = "com.mysql.jdbc.Driver";  
   static final String DB_URL = "jdbc:mysql://localhost/STUDENTS";

   //  Database credentials
   static final String USER = "username";
   static final String PASS = "password";
   
   public static void main(String[] args) {
   Connection conn = null;
   Statement stmt = null;
   try{
      //STEP 2: Register JDBC driver
      Class.forName("com.mysql.jdbc.Driver");

      //STEP 3: Open a connection
      System.out.println("Connecting to a selected database...");
      conn = DriverManager.getConnection(DB_URL, USER, PASS);
      System.out.println("Connected database successfully...");
      
      //STEP 4: Execute a query
      System.out.println("Creating statement...");
      stmt = conn.createStatement();
      String sql = "UPDATE Registration " +
                   "SET age = 30 WHERE id in (100, 101)";
      stmt.executeUpdate(sql);

      // Now you can extract all the records
      // to see the updated records
      sql = "SELECT id, first, last, age FROM Registration";
      ResultSet rs = stmt.executeQuery(sql);

      while(rs.next()){
         //Retrieve by column name
         int id  = rs.getInt("id");
         int age = rs.getInt("age");
         String first = rs.getString("first");
         String last = rs.getString("last");

         //Display values
         System.out.print("ID: " + id);
         System.out.print(", Age: " + age);
         System.out.print(", First: " + first);
         System.out.println(", Last: " + last);
      }
      rs.close();
   }catch(SQLException se){
      //Handle errors for JDBC
      se.printStackTrace();
   }catch(Exception e){
      //Handle errors for Class.forName
      e.printStackTrace();
   }finally{
      //finally block used to close resources
      try{
         if(stmt!=null)
            conn.close();
      }catch(SQLException se){
      }// do nothing
      try{
         if(conn!=null)
            conn.close();
      }catch(SQLException se){
         se.printStackTrace();
      }//end finally try
   }//end try
   System.out.println("Goodbye!");
}//end main
}//end JDBCExample

Now let us compile above example as follows:

C:\>javac JDBCExample.java
C:\>

When you run JDBCExample, it produces following result:

C:\>java JDBCExample
Connecting to a selected database...
Connected database successfully...
Creating statement...
ID: 100, Age: 30, First: Zara, Last: Ali
ID: 101, Age: 30, First: Mahnaz, Last: Fatma
ID: 102, Age: 30, First: Zaid, Last: Khan
ID: 103, Age: 28, First: Sumit, Last: Mittal
Goodbye!
C:\>

This tutorial provides an example on how to delete records from a table using JDBC application. Before executing following example, make sure you have the following in place:

• To execute the following example you can replace username and password with your actual user name and password.
• Your MySQL or whatever database you are using is up and running.

Required Steps:

There are following steps required to create a new Database using JDBC application:

• Import the packages: Requires that you include the packages containing the JDBC classes needed for database programming. Most often, using import java.sql.* will suffice.
• Register the JDBC driver: Requires that you initialize a driver so you can open a communications channel with the database.
• Open a connection: Requires using the DriverManager.getConnection() method to create a Connection object, which represents a physical connection with a database server.
• Execute a query: Requires using an object of type Statement for building and submitting an SQL statement to delete records from a table. This Query makes use of WHERE clause to delete conditional records.
• Clean up the environment: Requires explicitly closing all database resources versus relying on the JVM's garbage collection.
  

Sample Code:

Copy and past following example in JDBCExample.java, compile and run as follows:
//STEP 1. Import required packages import java.sql.*; public class JDBCExample { // JDBC driver name and database URL static final String JDBC_DRIVER = "com.mysql.jdbc.Driver"; static final String DB_URL = "jdbc:mysql://localhost/STUDENTS"; // Database credentials static final String USER = "username"; static final String PASS = "password"; public static void main(String[] args) { Connection conn = null; Statement stmt = null; try{ //STEP 2: Register JDBC driver Class.forName("com.mysql.jdbc.Driver"); //STEP 3: Open a connection System.out.println("Connecting to a selected database..."); conn = DriverManager.getConnection(DB_URL, USER, PASS); System.out.println("Connected database successfully..."); //STEP 4: Execute a query System.out.println("Creating statement..."); stmt = conn.createStatement(); String sql = "DELETE FROM Registration " + "WHERE id = 101"; stmt.executeUpdate(sql); // Now you can extract all the records // to see the remaining records sql = "SELECT id, first, last, age FROM Registration"; ResultSet rs = stmt.executeQuery(sql); while(rs.next()){ //Retrieve by column name int id = rs.getInt("id"); int age = rs.getInt("age"); String first = rs.getString("first"); String last = rs.getString("last"); //Display values System.out.print("ID: " + id); System.out.print(", Age: " + age); System.out.print(", First: " + first); System.out.println(", Last: " + last); } rs.close(); }catch(SQLException se){ //Handle errors for JDBC se.printStackTrace(); }catch(Exception e){ //Handle errors for Class.forName e.printStackTrace(); }finally{ //finally block used to close resources try{ if(stmt!=null) conn.close(); }catch(SQLException se){ }// do nothing try{ if(conn!=null) conn.close(); }catch(SQLException se){ se.printStackTrace(); }//end finally try }//end try System.out.println("Goodbye!"); }//end main }//end JDBCExample Now let us compile above example as follows:
C:\>javac JDBCExample.java C:\> When you run JDBCExample, it produces following result:
C:\>java JDBCExample Connecting to a selected database... Connected database successfully... Creating statement... ID: 100, Age: 30, First: Zara, Last: Ali ID: 102, Age: 30, First: Zaid, Last: Khan ID: 103, Age: 28, First: Sumit, Last: Mittal Goodbye! C:\>

This tutorial provides an example on how to select records from a table using JDBC application. This would add additional conditions using WHERE clause while selecting records from the table. Before executing following example, make sure you have the following in place:

• To execute the following example you can replace username and password with your actual user name and password.
• Your MySQL or whatever database you are using is up and running.

Required Steps:

There are following steps required to create a new Database using JDBC application:

• Import the packages: Requires that you include the packages containing the JDBC classes needed for database programming. Most often, using import java.sql.* will suffice.
• Register the JDBC driver: Requires that you initialize a driver so you can open a communications channel with the database.
• Open a connection: Requires using the DriverManager.getConnection() method to create a Connection object, which represents a physical connection with a database server.
• Execute a query: Requires using an object of type Statement for building and submitting an SQL statement to fetch records from a table which meet given condition. This Query makes use of WHERE clause to select records.
• Clean up the environment: Requires explicitly closing all database resources versus relying on the JVM's garbage collection.
  

Sample Code:

Copy and past following example in JDBCExample.java, compile and run as follows:

//STEP 1. Import required packages
import java.sql.*;

public class JDBCExample {
   // JDBC driver name and database URL
   static final String JDBC_DRIVER = "com.mysql.jdbc.Driver";  
   static final String DB_URL = "jdbc:mysql://localhost/STUDENTS";

   //  Database credentials
   static final String USER = "username";
   static final String PASS = "password";
   
   public static void main(String[] args) {
   Connection conn = null;
   Statement stmt = null;
   try{
      //STEP 2: Register JDBC driver
      Class.forName("com.mysql.jdbc.Driver");

      //STEP 3: Open a connection
      System.out.println("Connecting to a selected database...");
      conn = DriverManager.getConnection(DB_URL, USER, PASS);
      System.out.println("Connected database successfully...");
      
      //STEP 4: Execute a query
      System.out.println("Creating statement...");
      stmt = conn.createStatement();

      // Extract records without any condition.
      System.out.println("Fetching records without condition...");
      String sql = "SELECT id, first, last, age FROM Registration";
      ResultSet rs = stmt.executeQuery(sql);

      while(rs.next()){
         //Retrieve by column name
         int id  = rs.getInt("id");
         int age = rs.getInt("age");
         String first = rs.getString("first");
         String last = rs.getString("last");

         //Display values
         System.out.print("ID: " + id);
         System.out.print(", Age: " + age);
         System.out.print(", First: " + first);
         System.out.println(", Last: " + last);
      }

      // Select all records having ID equal or greater than 101
      System.out.println("Fetching records with condition...");
      sql = "SELECT id, first, last, age FROM Registration" +
                   " WHERE id >= 101 ";
      rs = stmt.executeQuery(sql);

      while(rs.next()){
         //Retrieve by column name
         int id  = rs.getInt("id");
         int age = rs.getInt("age");
         String first = rs.getString("first");
         String last = rs.getString("last");

         //Display values
         System.out.print("ID: " + id);
         System.out.print(", Age: " + age);
         System.out.print(", First: " + first);
         System.out.println(", Last: " + last);
      }
      rs.close();
   }catch(SQLException se){
      //Handle errors for JDBC
      se.printStackTrace();
   }catch(Exception e){
      //Handle errors for Class.forName
      e.printStackTrace();
   }finally{
      //finally block used to close resources
      try{
         if(stmt!=null)
            conn.close();
      }catch(SQLException se){
      }// do nothing
      try{
         if(conn!=null)
            conn.close();
      }catch(SQLException se){
         se.printStackTrace();
      }//end finally try
   }//end try
   System.out.println("Goodbye!");
}//end main
}//end JDBCExample

Now let us compile above example as follows:

C:\>javac JDBCExample.java
C:\>

When you run JDBCExample, it produces following result:

C:\>java JDBCExample
Connecting to a selected database...
Connected database successfully...
Creating statement...
Fetching records without condition...
ID: 100, Age: 30, First: Zara, Last: Ali
ID: 102, Age: 30, First: Zaid, Last: Khan
ID: 103, Age: 28, First: Sumit, Last: Mittal
Fetching records with condition...
ID: 102, Age: 30, First: Zaid, Last: Khan
ID: 103, Age: 28, First: Sumit, Last: Mittal
Goodbye!
C:\>